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Objective To investigate the health-seeking behaviors of imported malaria cases after returning to China, and to investigate the factors affecting the time to initial diagnosis, so as to provide the scientific evidence for early identification of imported malaria cases and prevention of severe cases development and secondary transmission. Methods The individual demographic features, and the disease onset and the time to initial diagnosis of imported malaria cases in Jiangsu Province in 2019 were captured from the National Notifiable Disease Report System and the Information Management System for Parasitic Disease Control in China. The characteristics of health-seeking behaviors and epidemiological features of imported malaria cases were descriptively analyzed, and the factors affecting the time to initial diagnosis of imported malaria cases after returning to China were identified using multivariate logistic regression analysis. Results A total of 244 imported malaria cases were reported in Jiangsu Province in 2019, and the time to initial diagnosis of the cases were 1-12 days, with mean time of (1.53 ± 1.65) days, with median time of one day. The highest number of malaria cases seeking healthcare services were found on the day of developing primary symptoms (76 cases, 31.1%), followed by on the second day (68 cases, 27.9%), on the third day (46 cases, 18.9%), and 54 cases (22.1%) received initial diagnosis 3 days following presence of primary symptoms, including 3 cases with initial diagnosis at more than one week. High proportions of imported malaria cases with a delay in the time to initial diagnosis were seen in migrant workers who returned to China in January (14 cases, 5.7%) and December (13 cases, 5.3%) and those aged between 41 and 50 years (32 cases, 13.1%). Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed relative short time to initial diagnosis among imported malaria cases returning to China on March [odds ratio (OR) = 0.16, P = 0.03, 95% confidence interval (CI): (0.03, 0.85)] and those with a history of overseas malaria parasite infections [OR = 0.36, P = 0.001, 95% CI: (0.19, 0.67)]. Conclusions Timely health-seeking behaviors should be improved among imported malaria cases in Jiangsu Province, patients with a history of overseas malaria infections require faster health-seeking activities.
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On June 2021, China was certified malaria-free by WHO. However, the global number and death of malaria cases have recently increased, and the malaria vectors will continue to inhabit in China, resulting in a high difficulty in consolidation of malaria elimination achievements. Hereby, we analyze the current challenges and propose the future priority of the national malaria control program in China, in order to provide insights into prevention of re-establishment of imported malaria in the country.
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Objective To analyze the changes of small molecular metabolites in the larvae of a deltamethrin-sensitive strain of Anopheles sinensis following exposure to deltamethrin, so as to provide the scientific basis for investigating the metabolic pathway and screening metabolic markers of deltamethrin in An. sinensis. Methods The 50% and 75% lethal concentrations (LC50 and LC75) of deltamethrin against the larvae of a deltamethrin-sensitive strain of An. sinensis were calculated in laboratory. The type and content of An. sinensis larvae metabolites were detected using high performance liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) following exposure to deltamethrin at LC50 and LC75 for 30 min and 24 h, and the changes of metabolites were analyzed. Results The LC50 and LC75 values of deltamethrin were 4.36 × 10-3 µg/mL and 1.12 × 10-2 µg/mL against thelarvae of a deltamethrin-sensitive strain of An. sinensis. Following exposure of the larvae of a deltamethrin-sensitive strain of An. sinensis to deltamethrin at LC50 and LC75 for 30 min, the differential metabolites mainly included organic oxygen compounds, carboxylic acid and its derivatives, fatty acyl and pyrimidine nucleotides, with reduced glucose levels. Following exposure for 24 h, the differential metabolites mainly included organic oxygen compounds, carboxylic acid and its derivatives, aliphatic acyl and purine nucleotides, with increased glucose level detected. Conclusion Carbohydrate, carboxylic acid and its derivatives, fatty acyls, amino acids and their derivatives may play important roles in deltamethrin metabolism in the larvae of a deltamethrin-sensitive strain of An. sinensis.
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Malaria was one for the most serious communicable diseases in China. Following the concerted efforts for decades, remarkable achievements have been gained for malaria control in China. Since the national malaria elimination programme was initiated in China in 2010, local malaria transmission was rapidly interrupted, with zero indigenous malaria case reported for the first time in the country in 2017, and the country will undergo the certification of malaria elimination by WHO. Currently, however, malaria remains hyper-endemic across the world. In China, there are more than 2 000 overseas imported malaria cases each year, and prevention of re-establishment of imported malaria will become the major task in future malaria control activities. Here by, we analyze the main challenges in the prevention of re-establishment of imported malaria in China, and propose the corresponding countermeasures, so as to provide insights into the consolidation of malaria elimination achievements.
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Objective To investigate the distribution and density of Culex mosquito populations and the resistance of Culex pipiens pallens to insecticides in Jiangsu Province in 2018 and 2019. Methods During the period from June to October in 2018 and 2019, six counties (districts, cities) were sampled in southern, northern and central Jiangsu Province as surveillance sites. The density of Culex mosquitoes was measured overnight using the light trapping technique. In addition, Culex pipiens pallens mosquitoes were collected from Hai’an of Nantong City and Yandu District of Yancheng City, central Jiangsu Province, and the sensitivity of female first filial generations to dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT), malation, proposur, beta cypermethrin and deltamethrin was tested using the standard WHO insecticide susceptibility test assay. Results A total of 104 423 Culex mosquitoes were captured in six surveillance sites of Jiangsu Province in 2018 and 2019, and Culex quinquefasciatus (49.11%), Culex pipiens pallens (28.38%), and Culex tritaeniorhynchus (21.04%) were predominant species. The density of Culex mosquitoes started to increase since early June, peaked in July and tended to be low in late October. Culex pipiens pallens mosquitoes captured from Hai’an was susceptible to malation, while those from Yandu District were moderately resistant to malation. Culex pipiens pallens mosquitoes from both Yandu and Hai’an were moderately resistant to proposur, and were resistant to DDT, beta cypermethrin and deltamethrin. Conclusions Culex quinquefasciatus, Culex pipiens pallens and Culex tritaeniorhynchus are predominant Culex species in Jiangsu Province. Culex pipiens pallens is resistant to DT, beta cypermethrin and deltamethrin in central Jiangsu Province.
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Objective To analyze the epidemiological characteristics of imported cases with Plasmodium ovale infections in Jiangsu Province from 2012 to 2020, so as to provide insights into the development of the imported malaria control strategy in the province. Methods All data pertaining to cases with definitive diagnosis of P. ovale malaria in Jiangsu Province from 2012 to 2020 were captured from the National Notifiable Disease Report System and the Information Management System for Parasitic Disease Control in China, including the date of going abroad and returning to China, time of malaria infections overseas, date of malaria onset, initial diagnosis and definitive diagnosis. All data pertaining to epidemic status were descriptively analyzed. Results A total of 347 cases of P. ovale malaria were reported in Jiangsu Province from 2012 to 2020, with the highest number seen in 2015 (71 cases). All cases were laboratory-confirmed overseas imported malaria cases, accounting for 14.32% of all reported malaria cases in Jiangsu Province during the period from 2012 to 2020. The 5 cities with the highest number of imported P. ovale malaria cases included Lianyungang City (53 cases, 15.27%), Nantong City (44 cases, 12.68%), Huai’an (44 cases, 12.68%), Taizhou City (44 cases, 12.68%) and Yangzhou City (36 cases, 10.37%). The highest number of imported P. ovale malaria cases was reported in October (39 cases, 11.24%), and the lowest number was seen in December (21 cases, 6.05%). P. ovale infections mainly occurred in were Equatorial Guinea (97 cases, 37.95%), Angola (60 cases, 17.29%) and Nigeria (40 cases, 11.53%). The median duration between returning to China and malaria onset was 64 (144) days, and 7.49% (26/347) of all cases developed malaria one year after returning to China. The initial diagnosis of P. ovale malaria was mainly made at county-level medical institutions (117 cases, 33.72%), and the definitive diagnosis was mainly made at city-level medical institutions (122 cases, 35.16%). The correct rate of initial diagnosis of P. ovale malaria increased from 0 in 2012 to 78.26% in 2020, appearing a tendency towards a rise year by year (χ2 = 50.90, P < 0.01). Conclusions Imported P. ovale malaria cases were reported in Jiangsu Province each year from 2012 to 2020, and P. ovale infections predominantly occurred in Africa. Initial and definitive diagnoses of P. ovale malaria were mainly made at city- and county-level medical institutions. Training on the detection ability of malaria parasites is recommended among grassroots microscopists to improve the diagnostic ability of P. ovale malaria, and consolidate the achievements of malaria elimination in Jiangsu Province.
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Malaria was one of the major infectious diseases in Jiangsu Province, where Anopheles sinensis and An. anthropophagus are main vectors for malaria transmission. Following the concerted efforts for decades, the goal of malaria elimination was achieved in Jiangsu Province in 2019, and the vector control strategy has played a vital role during the progress towards malaria elimination in Jiangsu Province. Hereby, we review the historical distribution and ecological features of An. sinensis and An. anthropophagus and describe vector control strategies at different stages of malaria control in Jiangsu Province. In addition, the advances in the research of vector biology and control in Jiangsu Province are discussed, including vector identification, strain colonization, susceptibility to malaria parasites and insecticide resistance.
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Objective To analyze the epidemic situation of malaria in Jiangsu Province in 2019, so as to provide the scientific basis for the development of the strategy for the prevention of re-introduction of imported malaria. Methods The malaria case report information, epidemiological case investigation information, epidemic foci investigation and management report in Jiangsu Province in 2019 were collected, and all epidemiological data were descriptively analyzed. Results A total of 244 malaria cases were reported in Jiangsu Province in 2019, and all cases were laboratory-confirmed overseas imported cases, including 4 cases with vivax malaria, 206 cases with falciparum malaria, 12 cases with malariae malaria and 22 cases with ovale malaria. In 2019, there were 12 malaria cases progressing into severe cases in Jiangsu Province, with one death. Nanjing, Nantong, Lianyungang, Taizhou and Changzhou cities contributed the largest number of malaria cases in 2019, with the number of malaria cases accounting for 59.84% of total cases in Jiangsu Province. The infections occurred in Papua New Guinea (2 cases), Pakistan (1 case) and 27 African countries (241 cases), including Angola, the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Nigeria, Equatorial Guinea, Cote d'Ivoire and so on. There were 77 cases (31.55%) with a visit to doctor on the day of onset, and 146 cases (59.84%) within 1 to 3 days after onset. In addition, there were 149 cases (61.06%) with definitive diagnosis at the first visit and 77 cases (31.55%) diagnosed within 1 to 3 days after the visit, and the mean duration from the visit to definitive diagnosis was (0.80 ± 1.59) d, which significantly shortened as compared to that (1.34 d ± 2.59 d) in 2018 (U = 2.53, P < 0.05). Conclusions Intensifying the surveillance and management of imported malaria and improving the diagnostic capability of imported malaria and the treatment of severe malaria cases are required to consolidate the achievements of malaria elimination in Jiangsu Province.
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Since the end of 2019, the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has been extensively epidemic in China, which not only seriously threatens the safety and health of Chinese people, but also challenges the management of other infectious diseases. Currently, there are still approximately three thousand malaria cases imported into China every year. If the diagnosis and treatment of malaria cases as well as the investigation and response of the epidemic foci are not carried out timely, it may endanger patients’lives and cause the possible of secondary transmission, which threatens the achievements of malaria elimination in China. Due to the extensive spread and high transmission ability of the COVID-19, there is a possibility of virus infections among malaria cases during the medical care-seeking behaviors and among healthcare professionals during clinical diagnosis and treatment, sample collection and testing and epidemiological surveys. This paper analyzes the challenges of the COVID-19 for Chinese malaria elimination programme, and proposes the countermeasures in response to the COVID-19 outbreak, so as to provide the reference for healthcare professionals.
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Objective To analyze the epidemic situation of malaria in Jiangsu Province in 2018, so as to provide scientific evidence for formulating post-elimination malaria surveillance schemes and technical measures in Jiangsu Province. Methods The malaria case report cards, epidemiological individual investigation forms of malaria cases and foci data were collected from Jiangsu Province in 2018, and the epidemic situation of malaria was descriptively analyzed. Results A total of 243 malaria cases were reported in Jiangsu Province in 2018, which increased by 1.67% in relative to in 2017 (239 cases), and these cases included 171 cases with falciparum malaria, 14 cases with vivax malaria, 15 cases with quartan malaria, 42 cases with ovale malaria and a case with mixed infection of P. vivax and P. ovale. All cases were overseas imported, and no local secondary cases were found. The malaria cases were predominantly workers (76.54%). Nantong City (48 cases), Yangzhou City (33 cases) and Taizhou City (22 cases) were the most 3 cities with the largest number of malaria cases across Jiangsu Province. The malaria infections predominantly occurred in African areas (96.30%), and the other 9 cases had infections in Asia (8 cases) and Central America (1 case). There were 125 cases (51.44%) and 91 cases (37.45%) with definitive diagnosis at the day of admission and within 1 to 3 days post-admission, respectively. The percentages of definitive diagnosis at initial diagnosis were 48.27%, 88.76% and 97.30% at township-, county- and city-level medical institutions, respectively, and the percentage of definitive diagnosis at initial diagnosis was significantly lower in township-level medical institutions than in county- (χ2 = 21.47, P < 0.01) and city-level medical institutions (χ2 = 32.86, P < 0.01). Conclusions There are no local malaria cases in Jiangsu Province; however, the number of overseas imported malaria cases remains high in China. In the future, improving the post-elimination malaria surveillance system, enhancing the awareness of malaria prevention and control knowledge among high-risk populations, increasing the diagnostic capability of malaria in medical institutions, and improving the management of imported malaria cases should be performed to consolidate the achievements of malaria elimination.
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Objective To understand the malaria epidemic situation and characteristics in Jiangsu Province in 2017, so as to provide the evidence for formulating the targeted strategy of malaria elimination. Methods The data of malaria cases in Jiangsu Province in 2016 were collected from China’s Routine Diseases Surveillance Information System (CRDSIS). Results Totally, 239 imported malaria cases were reported in Jiangsu Province in 2017, and the cases decreased by 22.40% compared to 308 cases in 2015. Except 2 malaria case caused by blood transfusion, the rest patients were all imported. Among them, there were 163 falciparum malaria cases, 21 vivax malaria cases, 11 quartan malaria cases, 43 ovale malaria cases, and 1 mixed infection case (Plasmodium falciparum and P. ovale). The numbers of imported cases of Nantong (39 cases, 16.32%), Suzhou (26 cases, 10.88%), Taizhou (25 cases, 10.46%), Huai’an (24 cases, 10.04%), and Lianyungang (22 cases, 9.21%) ranked in the top 5 cities across Jiangsu Province, the malaria cases in the five cities accounted for 56.90% (136/239). The infection source areas of the imported malaria cases included Africa (225 cases), Asia (8 cases), Oceania (2 cases), and South America (2 cases). Conclusions Jiangsu Province has no local malaria cases for 6 consecutive years. Despite the imported cases in 2017 decreased some-what compared to that in 2016, it is still necessary to strengthen the surveillance of imported malaria cases and improve malaria diagnosis and treatment in the whole province.
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Objective To understand the malaria epidemic situation and characteristics in Jiangsu Province in 2017, so as to provide the evidence for formulating the targeted strategy of malaria elimination. Methods The data of malaria cases in Jiangsu Province in 2016 were collected from China’s Routine Diseases Surveillance Information System (CRDSIS). Results Totally, 239 imported malaria cases were reported in Jiangsu Province in 2017, and the cases decreased by 22.40% compared to 308 cases in 2015. Except 2 malaria case caused by blood transfusion, the rest patients were all imported. Among them, there were 163 falciparum malaria cases, 21 vivax malaria cases, 11 quartan malaria cases, 43 ovale malaria cases, and 1 mixed infection case (Plasmodium falciparum and P. ovale). The numbers of imported cases of Nantong (39 cases, 16.32%), Suzhou (26 cases, 10.88%), Taizhou (25 cases, 10.46%), Huai’an (24 cases, 10.04%), and Lianyungang (22 cases, 9.21%) ranked in the top 5 cities across Jiangsu Province, the malaria cases in the five cities accounted for 56.90% (136/239). The infection source areas of the imported malaria cases included Africa (225 cases), Asia (8 cases), Oceania (2 cases), and South America (2 cases). Conclusions Jiangsu Province has no local malaria cases for 6 consecutive years. Despite the imported cases in 2017 decreased some-what compared to that in 2016, it is still necessary to strengthen the surveillance of imported malaria cases and improve malaria diagnosis and treatment in the whole province.
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Objective To analyze the results of samples testing of Jiangsu Provincial Malaria Diagnostic Reference Laboratory in 2017, so as to provide the evidence for improving the malaria diagnostic performance in this province. Methods The samples of reported malaria cases in Jiangsu were collected by the provincial reference laboratory (PRL) in 2017. The microscopy and nucleic acid test were performed to confirm the infection of Plasmodium species of each case, while Plasmodium antigen tests (rapid diagnostic test, RDT) were performed as well. The detection results were analyzed among different areas and different species. Results Totally 242 malaria cases were reported and the samples were collected by PRL in 2017. A total of 239 cases were confirmed Plasmodium infections, including 163 cases of Plasmodium falciparum infection, 21 cases of P. vivax infection, 11 cases of P. malariae infection, 43 cases of P. ovale infection, and 1 case of P. falciparum and P. ovale mixed-infection. The diagnostic coincidence rates of reported malaria case in 13 prefectures with districts were all > 80%, and the total coincidence rate was 88.8%. The species diagnostic coincidence rates of P. falciparum, P. vivax, P. malariae, and P. ovale were 98.8%, 57.1%, 63.6%, and 81.4% respectively, and the detection rates by RDT to those four species infections were 95.7%, 85.0%, 63.6% and 79.1% respectively. Conclusions In 2017, the malaria diagnostic quality of medical technicians is generally high in Jiangsu Province. However, the diagnostic capacity is slightly different among different regions, and the ability to identify non- P. falciparum parasites remains to be improved. RDT is not ideal for the detection of non-P. falciparum infection. In the current stage of malaria elimination, the malaria diagnostic capacity of technicians in all the sectors should be strengthened and maintained.
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Objective To analyze the epidemic situation of malaria in Jiangsu Province in 2018, so as to provide scientific evidence for formulating post-elimination malaria surveillance schemes and technical measures in Jiangsu Province. Methods The malaria case report cards, epidemiological individual investigation forms of malaria cases and foci data were collected from Jiangsu Province in 2018, and the epidemic situation of malaria was descriptively analyzed. Results A total of 243 malaria cases were reported in Jiangsu Province in 2018, which increased by 1.67% in relative to in 2017 (239 cases), and these cases included 171 cases with falciparum malaria, 14 cases with vivax malaria, 15 cases with quartan malaria, 42 cases with ovale malaria and a case with mixed infection of P. vivax and P. ovale. All cases were overseas imported, and no local secondary cases were found. The malaria cases were predominantly workers (76.54%). Nantong City (48 cases), Yangzhou City (33 cases) and Taizhou City (22 cases) were the most 3 cities with the largest number of malaria cases across Jiangsu Province. The malaria infections predominantly occurred in African areas (96.30%), and the other 9 cases had infections in Asia (8 cases) and Central America (1 case). There were 125 cases (51.44%) and 91 cases (37.45%) with definitive diagnosis at the day of admission and within 1 to 3 days post-admission, respectively. The percentages of definitive diagnosis at initial diagnosis were 48.27%, 88.76% and 97.30% at township-, county- and city-level medical institutions, respectively, and the percentage of definitive diagnosis at initial diagnosis was significantly lower in township-level medical institutions than in county- (χ2 = 21.47, P < 0.01) and city-level medical institutions (χ2 = 32.86, P < 0.01). Conclusions There are no local malaria cases in Jiangsu Province; however, the number of overseas imported malaria cases remains high in China. In the future, improving the post-elimination malaria surveillance system, enhancing the awareness of malaria prevention and control knowledge among high-risk populations, increasing the diagnostic capability of malaria in medical institutions, and improving the management of imported malaria cases should be performed to consolidate the achievements of malaria elimination.
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Recently, the global malaria control has achieved remarkable results, and the epidemic map of malaria has gradually shrinked. However, in the past two years, the number of malaria deaths remained at a high level, and the incidence of malaria has even risen, leading to the stagnant of malaria elimination. The main reasons include lacking of the well monitoring and response system, sensitivity declining of antimalarial drugs, the spread of insecticide resistance, and the reduction of financial support. This paper introduces the progress and challenges of global malaria elimination, summarizes the current strategies and major interventions, and provides the corresponding response.
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Objective To analyze the results of samples testing of Jiangsu Provincial Malaria Diagnostic Reference Laboratory in 2017, so as to provide the evidence for improving the malaria diagnostic performance in this province. Methods The samples of reported malaria cases in Jiangsu were collected by the provincial reference laboratory (PRL) in 2017. The microscopy and nucleic acid test were performed to confirm the infection of Plasmodium species of each case, while Plasmodium antigen tests (rapid diagnostic test, RDT) were performed as well. The detection results were analyzed among different areas and different species. Results Totally 242 malaria cases were reported and the samples were collected by PRL in 2017. A total of 239 cases were confirmed Plasmodium infections, including 163 cases of Plasmodium falciparum infection, 21 cases of P. vivax infection, 11 cases of P. malariae infection, 43 cases of P. ovale infection, and 1 case of P. falciparum and P. ovale mixed-infection. The diagnostic coincidence rates of reported malaria case in 13 prefectures with districts were all > 80%, and the total coincidence rate was 88.8%. The species diagnostic coincidence rates of P. falciparum, P. vivax, P. malariae, and P. ovale were 98.8%, 57.1%, 63.6%, and 81.4% respectively, and the detection rates by RDT to those four species infections were 95.7%, 85.0%, 63.6% and 79.1% respectively. Conclusions In 2017, the malaria diagnostic quality of medical technicians is generally high in Jiangsu Province. However, the diagnostic capacity is slightly different among different regions, and the ability to identify non- P. falciparum parasites remains to be improved. RDT is not ideal for the detection of non-P. falciparum infection. In the current stage of malaria elimination, the malaria diagnostic capacity of technicians in all the sectors should be strengthened and maintained.
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To analyze the situation of malaria elimination, identify the current main challenges and difficulties of maintaining the achievements of malaria elimination, and find out feasible solutions in Jiangsu Province.Through randomized grouping, the subject discussion and questionnaires were conducted by malaria control staffs from centers for diseases control and prevention of 13 cities of Jiangsu Province and Jiangsu Institute of Parasitic Diseases. The basic characteristics of participants and the effect of the discussion were analyzed through questionnaires.Twenty-seven professional participants were randomly divided into 3 groups. Totally 27 questionnaires were released and 24 valid questionnaires were retrieved. Among the 24 participants, 79.1% (19/24) of them were with mid-level and senior professional titles, and 66.7% (16/24) of them had worked for more than 10 years. Before the group discussion, only 16.7% (4/24) of the participants were aware of the current main challenges and difficulties in Jiangsu Province. After the discussion, 87.5% (21/24) of them thought the discussion increased their understanding of the challenges and difficulties. Through the subject discussion, the expert group summarized the current challenges and difficulties as well as the solutions in malaria prevention in Jiangsu Province in 4 aspects, namely the management guarantee of prevention work, diagnosis and treatment of the cases, field epidemiological investigation and others. Finally, a framework about these discussion results was established.During the post-stage of malaria elimination, Jiangsu Province still faced many challenges and difficulties, such as management guarantee, case diagnosis and treatment, epidemiology survey and focus disposals, and malaria surveillance sustainability. The feasible solutions of these challenges may provide examples for other provinces and regions which are undergoing malaria elimination or in post-stage of malaria elimination.
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To establish a systemized malaria biobank with well-rounded epidemiologic data and a computer-aid management system, thus to provide qualified sources for malaria elimination and human malaria research.The malaria biobank was based on the platform of Jiangsu Institute of Parasitic Diseases. The blood smear samples, dried blood samples, whole blood samples and parasite strains isolated from patients (from both local and imported cases) were collected since 2011 according to a standardized operational procedure. The biobank management software was applied to input of the epidemiological data and samples, and the quality of samples was monitored regularly.A standard malaria biobank was established. The Information Management System was applied to input, storage and output of samples. Totally 99.42% (2 223/2 236) of the blood smear samples, 92.58% (2 070/2 236) of the dried blood samples, 94.50% (2 113/2 236) of whole blood, and 2.06% (46/2 236) of the isolated stains in 2 236 reported cases were included in the malaria biobank in Jiangsu Province from 2011 to 2017. Based on the malaria biobank, 99.42% (2 223/2 236) of the blood smears and 82.74% (1 850/2 236) of DNA (from dried blood and whole blood samples) from malaria patients in Jiangsu Province were re-checked. Moreover, the samples in the malaria biobank were used in the studies of the mechanism of parasite drug resistance, malaria molecular epidemiology, and diagnosis technology development and evaluation.The establishment of malaria biobank provides a guarantee for malaria elimination in Jiangsu Province and also provides a qualified resource for malaria research.
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To analyze the vector surveillance results during the stage of malaria elimination, so as to provide the evidence for assessing the local transmission risk of imported malaria and carrying out the surveillance work after malaria elimination in Jiangsu Province.From 2011 to 2017, the mosquito population was monitored and human biting rates were calculated by the half overnight human baiting trapping method and overnight lamp trapping method in 7 surveillance sites from June to October. The insecticide resistance level was tested by the force contact method recommended by WHO.A total of 5 106 Anopheles mosquitoes were captured by the half over-night human baiting trapping method in the 7 sites from 2011 to 2017, and all the mosquitoes were identified as Anopheles sinensis. The annual human biting rates were 1.075, 0.786, 1.057, 0.787, 0.790, 1.797 and 1.185 mosquitoes/ (human·hour), respectively. Totally 28 186 Anopheles mosquitoes were caught by the overnight lamp trapping method, and all the mosquitoes were An. sinensis. The densities of Anopheles mosquitoes were 57.950, 50.932, 14.800, 4.405, 58.070, 72.406, and 17.145 mosquitoes/ (night·lamp), respectively. In 2012, the resistance indexes of An. sinensis to deltamethrin, DDT and malathion were at R level in Jiangsu Province.The major vector is An. sinensis and no An. anthropophagus is found in Jiangsu Province. An. sinensis has a high level of resistance to deltamethrin, DDT and malathion.
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To evaluate the implementation effect of the optimization strategy for the use and management of malaria rapid diagnostic testing (RDT) technology in Jiangsu Province, so as to provide the empirical evidence and suggestions for promoting the standardized use of RDT technology.Questionnaire surveys of primary-level health professionals’ RDT-related knowledge, attitude, and practice (KAP) and work satisfaction were conducted in 4 pilot cities in Jiangsu Province before and after the intervention.After the implementation of the intervention, 13.9% of surveyed laboratory technicians, 21.9% of surveyed clinicians and 4.1% of surveyed staff of the centers for disease control and prevention (CDCs) had significant improvements in RDT-related knowledge. About 10.9% of the surveyed laboratory technicians and 25.6% of the surveyed CDC staff improved their attitudes toward RDT technology. About 38.4% of the surveyed laboratory technicians and 10.0% of the surveyed clinicians improved the standardized use of RDT technology. All types of primary-level health professionals had high evaluation in the satisfaction and effectiveness of the optimization strategy. However, the evaluation of the surveyed clinicians was slightly lower than that of the laboratory technicians and CDC staff.The optimization strategy in this project can effectively improve the knowledge, attitude and behavior of all types of primary-level health professionals and help to promote the standardized use of RDT technology.